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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS. 


UNIVERSITY  OF   ILLINOIS 


Agricultural  Experiment  Station 


BULLETIN    NO.    101. 


CROPS  FOR  THE  SILO,  COST  OF  FILLING, 

AND  EFFECT  OF  SILAGE  ON  THE 

FLAVOR  OF  MILK. 


BY  WILBER  J.  PHASER. 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS,  APRIL,  1905. 


SUMMARY  OF  BULLETIN  No.  101. 

ADVANTAGE  OP  SILAGE.— Corn  silage  is,  as  a  rule,  the  most  economical  succulent 
food  that  can  be  obtained  for  dairy  cows  at  a  season  when  pasture  is  not  available. 
Although  not  a  balanced  ration  in  itself,  it  tends  to  heavy  rnilk  production  and 
economical  milk  can  be  made  by  feeding  corn  silage  and  a  legume  hay  without  the 
use  of  much  grain.  Page  629 

VALUE  OF  SILAGE  IN  PLACE  OP  SOILING. — By  helping  the  pasture  out  during 
dry  periods  with  partial  soiling,  more  stock  can  be  carried  on  a  given  area  than  by 
pasturing  alone.  No  crop  will  furnish  more  feed  to  the  acre  than  corn,  and  with 
the  silo  this  can  be  utilized  for  soiling.  Page  630 

CROPS  TO  RAISE  FOR  THE  SILO. — In  Illinois,  corn  seems  to  be  the  best  single  crop 
for  the  silo,  and  by  combining  with  it  cowpeas  or  soy  beans,  the  feeding  value  is 
greater,  ton  for  ton,  than  of  corn  alone.  Page  632 

INCREASE  OF  NUTRIENTS  DURING  MATURITY. — When  corn  is  fully  tasseled  it 
contains  less  than  one-fourth  as  much  dry  matter  as  when  the  ears  are  fully  glazed. 
From  this  stage  to  maturity  the  increase  is  but  slight.  Page  632 

TIME  TO  HARVEST. — That  silage  may  keep  well  the  corn  should  not  be  cut  until 
most  of  the  kernels  are  glazed  and  hard;  if  too  ripe  the  silage  will  not  settle  well 
and  the  air  will  not  be  sufficiently  excluded  to  prevent  spoiling.  Page  634 

METHOD  OF  HARVESTING. — The  corn  is  most  easily  handled  by  cutting  with  a 
corn  binder,  and  using  a  silage  cutter  of  large  enough  capacity  to  avoid  the  neces- 
sity of  cutting  bands.  Page  636 

ESSENTIALS  OF  SILO  FILLING. — If  silage  is  to  keep  well  the  leaves  and  heavier 
parts  must  be  kept  thoroughly  mixed,  evenly  distributed  in  the  silo,  and  well 
tramped  next  the  wall.  After  filling,  the  top  six  inches  should  be  wet  once  and  the 
whole  surface  tramped  every  day  for  a  week  to  obtain  a  thin,  compact  layer  of  well 
rotted  silage  which  will  exclude  the  air  Page  636 

COST  OF  FILLING. — Records  of  the  cost  of  silo  filling  were  kept  by  the  Experi- 
ment Station  on  nineteen  different  farms  in  various  parts  of  the  State,  and  the  cost 
was  found  to  range  from  40  cents  to  76  cents  a  ton,  the  average  being  56  cents. 

Page  638 

EFFECT  OF  CORN  SILAGE  ON  THE  FLAVOR  OF  MILK. — Of  372  comparisons  made 
between  silage  and  non-silage  milk,  60  percent  were  in  favor  of  the  silage  milk,  29 
percent  were  in  favor  of  the  non-silage,  and  11  percent  indicated  no  preference. 

Page  644 


*CROPS  FOR  THE  SILO,  COST  OF  FILLING, 

AND  EFFECT  OF  SILAGE  ON  THE 

FLAVOR  OF  MILK. 

BY  WILBER  J.  FRASER,  CHIEF  IN  DAIRY  HUSBANDRY. 

ADVANTAGE  OF  SILAGE. 

The  digestive  organs  of  animals  that  chew  the  cud  are  so  formed  as 
to  require  comparatively  juicy  and  bulky  food.  The  cow  cannot,  there- 
fore, thrive  on  exclusively  dry  food  so  well  as  can  the  horse.  The  nearest 
an  ideal  food  that  can  be  obtained  for  the  dairy  cow  is  good  pasture; 
but  for  more  than  six  months  in  the  year  green  pasture  is  not  available 
in  Illinois.  The  best  substitutes  to  use  during  this  period  are  corn  silage 
and  such  roots  as  mangels  and  turnips.  Corn  yields  an  average  of  twice 
as  much  dry  matter  per  acre  as  do  root  crops;  and,  since  the  latter  require 
much  more  labor,  which  in  this  country  is  relatively  expensive,  silage 
is  far  more  economical. 

Making  corn  into  silage  is  a  means  of  preserving  the  grain  as  well 
as  the  stalk  in  the  best  possible  condition  for  feeding  and  without  the 
expense  of  shelling  and  grinding.  In  feeding  whole  corn,  either  in  the 
ear  or  shelled,  many  of  the  kernels  are  not  digested.  With  silage,  the 
grain  being  eaten  with  the  roughage,  nearly  all  the  kernels  are  broken 
during  mastication,  and,  since  they  are  somewhat  soft,  are  practically 
all  digested. 

By  the  use  of  the  silo  the  corn  is  removed  from  the  field  at  a  time 
when  no  injury  is  done  the  land  by  cutting  it  up  while  soft.  As  the 
corn  is  cut  before  the  blades  are  dry  enough  to  shatter,  there  is  no  waste 
from  weathering,  and  both  stalk  and  grain  being  in  good  condition, 
the  whole  crop  is  consumed  by  the  stock;  while  with  dry  shock  corn  a 
large  percentage  of  the  leaves  and  butts  of  the  stalk  is  wasted. 

* 

*A  bulletin  on  the  construction  of  silos  is  now  being  prepared  and  will  soon  be 
published. 

629 


630  BULLETIN    No.  101.  [April, 

It  has  been  determined  that  one  cubic  foot  of  hay  in  the  mow  con- 
tains about  4.3  pounds  of  dry  matter,  and  that  a  cubic  foot  of  silage 
in  a  thirty-six  foot  silo  contains  about  8.9  pounds  of  dry  matter.  From 
this  it  is  evident  that  a  cubic  foot  of  space  in  a  silo  of  proper  depth  will 
hold  more  than  twice  as  much  dry  matter  as  the  corresponding  space 
in  a  mow.  It  is  also  true  that  on  the  average  a  larger  amount  of  digesr 
tible  feed  can  be  obtained  from  an  acre  in  the  form  of  silage  than  in 
any  other  way  at  like  expense.  Making  corn  into  silage  is  then  both 
an  economical  and  compact  method  of  storing  feed. 

Much  damage  has  been  done  to  the  cause  of  silage  by  the  extrava- 
gant claims  of  its  over-enthusiastic  friends.  Although  corn  silage  is 
not  a  complete  and  balanced  ration  in  itself,  it  is  so  well  relished  that 
large  quantities  are  consumed.  Being  a  succulent  feed,  it  tends  to  heavy 
milk  production,  and  should  be  given  an  important  place  in  the  ration 
of  dairy  cows.  It  has  proved  an  important  factor  in  steer  feeding  as 
well  as  in  milk  production,  but  a  steer  cannot  be  finished  on  silage  alone, 
any  more  than  a  cow  can  produce  her  best  yield  of  milk  on  such  a  ration. 
To  obtain  the  most  economical  returns,  some  dry  roughage  should  be 
fed  in  connection  with  silage,  and  a  legume  hay,  as  alfalfa,  clover,  or 
cowpeas,  is  the  best  feed  for  this  purpose,  particularly  for  young  stock 
and  cows.  Economical  milk  can  be  produced  from  these  feeds  without 
the  addition  of  grain,  if  the  cows  are  not  giving  more  than  two  gallons 
of  milk  a  day,  providing  the  corn  was  well  eared  and  both  the  silage 
and  the  legume  hay  are  of  excellent  quality.  Cows  giving  a  larger  yield 
must  have  grain  added  to  their  ration. 

VALUE  OF  SILAGE  IN  PLACE  OF  SOILING. 

A  pasture  will  carry  much  more  stock  during  spring,  early  summer, 
and  fall,  than  it  will  through  the  hot,  dry  weather  of  midsummer.  By 
helping  the  pasture  out  at  this  season  with  partial  soiling,  the  cattle 
not  only  have  better  feed  during  this  critical  period,  but  more  stock 
can  be  carried  on  a  given  area  than  by  pasturing  alone.  As  land  in- 
creases in  value  and  farming  becomes  more  intensive,  there  is  greater 
need  for  soiling,  and  the  most  satisfactory  method  of  providing  a  substi- 
tute is  by  means  of  the  silo.  It  requires  too  much  labor  to  cut  green 
crops  every  day  and  haul  them  to  the  cows,  and  besides  there  is  necessarily 
a  great  loss  in  being  obliged  to  feed  the  crops  before  they  are  fully  mature 
and  after  they  are  over-ripe. 

No  crop  furnishes  more  feed  to  the  acre  than  corn,  and  with  the 
silo  it  can  be  utilized  for  soiling,  thus  permitting  the  whole  crop  to  be 
harvested  when  at  the  right  stage  of  maturity  and  fed  when  needed, 
saving  both  feed  and  labor. 


1905.] 


CROPS  FOR  THE  SILO,  COST  OF  FILLING. 


631 


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632  BULLETIN    No.  101.  [April, 

CROPS  TO  RAISE  FOR  THE  SILO. 

In  Illinois  corn  seems  to  be  the  best  single  crop  for  the  silo.  It 
not  only  produces  a  large  quantity  of  nutritious  feed  that  is  easily 
placed  in  the  silo,  but  it  is  of  such  a  nature  as  to  pack  readily  and  keep 
well.  The  large  southern  varieties  of  ensilage  corn,  which  give  enormous 
yields  in  tons  per  acre,  have  been  recommended  for  silage;  but  such 
varieties  do  not  produce  much  grain  and  the  total  nutrients  are  usually 
less  than  from  ordinary  field  corn.  The  best  results  are  obtained  with 
some  variety  that  will  give  a  good  yield  of  grain,  and  by  planting  some- 
what thicker  than  for  a  grain  crop.  Under  average  conditions  a  larger 
tonnage  of  feed  can  usually  be  obtained  per  acre  by  combining  corn, 
sorghum,  and  cowpeas  or  soy  beans,  but  even  with  this  combination 
the  greater  part  of  the  crop  should  be  corn. 

Legumes,  as  clover  and  cowpeas,  have  the  power,  through  bacteria 
on  their  roots,  of  utilizing  the  free  nitrogen  of  the  air  and  storing  up 
within  themselves  a  comparatively  large  amount  of  that  most  necessary 
constituent  of  food  known  as  protein.  By  so  doing  they  not  only  produce 
a  food  rich  in  protein  without  exhausting  the  soil,  but  enrich  the  soil 
by  adding  to  its  nitrogen.  While  they  do  not  benefit  the  crop  they  are 
grown  with,  they  do  benefit  the  succeeding  ones.  When  either  peas  or 
beans  are  grown  with  the  corn  and  the  entire  crop  is  put  into  the  silo, 
the  feeding  value  is  greater,  ton  for  ton,  than  that  of  corn  alone.  This 
is  a  much  more  economical  method  of  obtaining  protein  than  by  purchas- 
ing it  in  high  priced  concentrates,  as  gluten  meal,  oil  meal,  etc. 

If  cowpeas  are  planted  at  the  same  time  as  the  corn  and  in  the  rows 
with  it,  they  will  usually  make  a  fair  growth,  as  shown  in  Cut  2.  Since 
the  vines  will  run  up  the  corn  stalks,  the  entire  crop  can  be  cut  with  the 
binder  the  same  as  corn  alone,  making  practically  no  extra  work  in  filling 
the  silo.  The  only  difficulty  in  harvesting  corn  and  cowpeas  with  the 
corn  binder  is  that,  if  the  corn  is  missing  for  a  rod  in  the  row,  there  is 
nothing  to  carry  the  peas  back  into  the  binder,  and  it  is  likely  to  clog. 
Where  there  is  a  fairly  uniform  stand  of  corn,  all  can  be  readily  bound 
together.  As  the  stalks  of  soy  beans  are  much  stiffer  than  those  of 
cowpeas,  no  difficulty  is  experienced  in  cutting  them  with  the  corn. 

INCREASE  OF  NUTRIENTS  DURING  MATURITY. 

It  is  of  great  importance  to  know  at  what  stage  corn  should  be  cut 
to  secure  the  best  results,  how  rapidly  nutriment  is  stored  up  in  the 
corn  plant  as  it  approaches  maturity,  and  when  the  maximum  amount 
is  reached.  The  following  table  illustrates  this  point: 


1905.] 


CHOPS  FOR  THE  SILO,  COST  or  FILLING. 


633 


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634 


BULLETIN    No.  101. 


[April, 


TABLE  1.     WATER  AND  DRY  MATTER  IN  CORN  CROP  AT  DIFFERENT  PERIODS  AFTER 
TASSELING.     NEW  YORK  (GENEVA)  STATION. 


Date  of 
cutting. 

Stage  of  growth. 

Corn 
per 

Water 
per 

Dry 
matter 
per 

acre. 

Tons. 

Tons. 

Tons. 

July    30 

Fully  tasseled  

9.0 

8  2 

8 

Aug.     9 

Fully  silked  

12.9 

11  3 

1  5 

Aug.   21 

Kernels  watery  to  full  milk. 

16  3 

14  0 

2  3 

Sept.    7 

Kernels  glazing  

16  1 

12  5 

3  6 

Sept.  23 

Ripe  

14.2 

10.2 

4.0 

In  the  last  column  is  shown  the  dry  matter  per  acre  in  corn  at  dif- 
ferent stages.  When  the  corn  is  fully  tasseled  it  contains  but  eight- 
tenths  of  a  ton  of  dry  matter  per  acre,  or  only  one-fifth  what  it  contains 
when  fully  ripe.  When  in  the  milk  it  contains  nearly  three  times  as 
much  dry  matter  as  when  fully  tasseled.  Only  seventeen  days  were 
occupied  in  passing  from  the  milk  to  the  glazing  stage,  yet  in  this  time 
there  was  an  increase  in  the  dry  matter  of  1.3  tons  per  acre.  This  shows 
the  great  advantage  of  letting  the  corn  stand  until  the  kernels  are  glazed. 
After  this  period  the  increase  in  dry  matter  is  but  slight. 


TIME  TO  HARVEST. 

To  have  the  silage  keep  well  the  corn  must  be  cut  at  the  proper 
stage  of  maturity.  If  cut  before  it  is  sufficiently  matured,  too  much 
acid  develops.  If  too  ripe,  it  does  not  settle  properly  and  the  air  is  not 
sufficiently  excluded  to  prevent  spoiling. 

Corn  should  not  be  cut  until  the  ears  are  out  of  the  milk  and  most 
of  the  kernels  glazed  and  hard.  In  Cut  3,  ear  No.  1  is  in  the  soft  dough 
stage;  No.  2  is  beginning  to  dent;  No.  3  is  nearly  all  dented,  but  a  few 
kernels  are  still  in  the  milk;  No.  4  shows  all  of  the  kernels  dented.  When 
corn  is  put  into  the  silo  it  should  usually  be  as  ripe  as  ears  No.  3  and  4. 
In  case  the  weather  has  been  so  hot  and  dry  that  the  lower  leaves  have 
fired,  the  corn  should  be  cut  before  the  ears  are  quite  so  far  advanced. 
Much  riper  corn  will  keep  at  the  bottom  of  the  silo  than  at  the  top  be- 
cause of  the  greater  pressure  which  excludes  the  air  more  completely. 
It  is,  therefore,  important  that  the  ripest  corn  be  cut  first  and  placed 
in  the  bottom  of  the  silo. 


1905.] 


CROPS  FOR  THE  SILO,  COST  OF  FILLING. 


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636  BULLETIN    No.  101.  [April, 

METHOD  OF  HARVESTING. 

The  corn  should  be  cut  with  a  corn  binder,  as  it  is  much  more  easily 
handled  when  bound  in  bundles.  If  the  silage  cutter  is  large  and  the 
work  is  pushed  with  a  good  force  of  men,  the  corn  binder  should  have 
a  start  of  half  a  day.  If  enough  horses  are  used  on  the  binder  to  keep 
it  moving  at  a  good  pace  the  corn  can  usually  be  cut  down  as  fast  as  it 
can  be  put  into  the  silo. 

It  is  always  wise  to  have  a  silage  cutter  of  large  capacity,  as  much 
less  labor  is  required  in  feeding  it,  and  if  the  bundles  are  small,  the  bands 
need  not  be  cut.  Using  a  small  cutter  with  a  large  engine  is  dangerous 
unless  great  care  is  exercised  in  controlling  the  power.  Cut  1  shows  a 
small-sized  cutter  filling  a  silo  in  the  center  of  a  barn.  The  day  follow- 
ing the  taking  of  this  picture  the  machine  was  given  too  much  power 
and  the  cutter  wheel  exploded.  A  piece  of  the  wheel  was  found  twenty 
rods  distant  and  another  piece  was  thrown  through  the  inch  siding  of 
the  barn,  but  fortunately  no  one  was  injured. 

The  chain  elevator]  as  shown  in  Cut  5,  is  still  occasionally  used,  but 
is  likely  to  cause  trouble.  Where  a  carrier  of  this  kind  is  desired,  the 
single  chain  gives  the  best  satisfaction.  The  customary,  and  usually 
the  most  satisfactory,  way  of  elevating  the  cut  material  is  by  means  of 
the  blower,  as  shown  in  Cuts  6  and  7.  To  obtain  the  best  results  and 
not  to  be  annoyed  by  clogging,  the  blower  pipe  should  be  run  as  nearly 
perpendicular  as  possible. 


ESSENTIALS  OF  SILO  FILLING. 

If  silage  is  to  keep  well  it  must  settle  evenly.  To  this  end  the  leaves 
and  the  heavier  parts  of  the  corn  must  be  kept  thoroughly  mixed  and 
evenly  distributed  in  the  silo.  Owing  to  the  great  lateral  pressure  of 
silage,  friction  with  the  sides  of  the  silo  has  a  tendency  to  make  the 
silage  less  compact  at  the  edge,  and^for  this  reason  it  should  be  kept 
thoroughly  tramped  next  the  side.  Every  time  three  or  four  inches 
of  cut  material  is  added  to  the  silo  it  should  be  tramped  thoroughly 
around  the  edge,  taking  short  steps  and  packing  the  silage  as  much  as 
possible  next  the  wall.  These  precautions  must  be  observed  during 
filling  to  obtain  perfect  silage. 

If  the  corn  is  so  ripe  that  none  having  green  leaves  at  the  bottom 
of  the  stalk  can  be  obtained  to  finish  the  last  four  or  five  feet  at  the 
top  of  the  silo,  water  should  be  run  into  the  carrier  and  the  corn  well 
soaked.  If  the  corn  is  green,  only  enough  water  need  be  used  to  soak 
the  upper  six  inches  of  silage. 


1905.] 


CROPS  FOR  THE  SILO,  COST  OF  FILLING. 


637 


H 
O 

o 


o 


638  BULLETIN    No.  101.  [April, 

Many  different  forms  of  covering  for  silage  have  been  advocated, 
but  it  is  usually  found  most  practical  to  finish  with  the  same  material 
as  that  with  which  the  silo  is  filled.  Frequently  a  saving  can  be  made 
by  snapping  off  the  ears  and  using  the  stalks  alone,  or  by  running  enough 
straw,  chaff,  or  weeds  through  the  cutter  to  cover  the  silage  from  four 
to  six  inches  deep.  If  pressure  is  available,  water  can  be  run  into  the 
carrier  to  saturate  this  material.  The  top  must  be  thoroughly  soaked 
once  and  the  whole  surface  well  tramped  every  day  for  a  week  to  ex- 
clude the  air  as  much  as  possible.  This  tramping  should  be  especially 
well  done  around  the  sides,  so  that  the  air  cannot  gain  access  next  the 
wall.  The  object  of  wetting  the  surface  is  to  obtain  as  quickly  as  pos- 
sible a  thin  layer  of  thoroughly  rotted  silage,  which  will  seal  the  top, 
thus  excluding  the  air  and  preserving  the  silage  below. 

If  water  is  not  added  to  the  top,  the  heat  dries  out  the  silage,  which 
may  then  "fire  fang"  to  considerable  depth,  entailing  a  great  loss. 

COST  OF  FILLING. 

The  data  on  the  cost  of  filling  silos,  from  which  the  Table  2  has 
been  prepared,  were  secured  by  representatives  of  the  Experiment  Sta- 
tion, who  went  to  different  parts  of  the  state  when  men  were  filling 
silos  and  kept  accurate  records  of  the  work  in  progress. 

In  these  records  the  time  work  began  in  the  morning  and  stopped 
at  night  was  noted,  allowance  being  made  for  whatever  time  was  taken 
at  noon.  With  the  exception  of  a  few  cases  on  dairy  farms,  where  some 
of  the  men  quit  early  to  milk,  no  allowance  was  made  for  time  lost  after 
the  cutter  started  and  men  and  teams  were  ready  for  work,  a  full  day 
being  counted  unless  for  some  reason  all  work  stopped  and  men  and 
teams  were  at  liberty  to  leave. 

To  reduce  the  cost  of  filling  the  different  silos  to  a  like  basis,  the 
charge  made  in  these  records  for  each  of  the  various  operations  was 
uniform,  and  as  near  as  possible  to  the  average  price  paid.  The  labor 
of  the  men  was  charged  at  SI. 25  and  of  the  teams  at  SI. 00  each  for  a 
day  of  ten  hours.  This  was  considered  a  fair  price,  as  the  time  of  year 
in  which  silos  are  filled  is  not  usually  an  especially  busy  season  on  the 
farm.  In  most  cases  the  man  who  had  the  silo  also  owned  an  ensilage 
cutter,  and  a  uniform  charge  of  S2.00  a  day  was  made  for  wear  on  the 
machine  and  interest  on  the  money  invested.  The  engine,  including 
the  engineer,  was  charged  for  at  $5.00  a  day;  fuel  at  $3.00  a  ton  for  coal 
and  15  cents  a  gallon  for  gasoline;  twine  at  11  cents  a  pound.  The 
charge  for  machine  and  engine,  fuel,  twine,  and  labor  of  men  and  teams, 
gives  the  total  expense  of  filling  the  silo. 

To  determine  the  capacity  of  the  different  silos  the  diameter  of  each 
and  the  depth  of  the  silage  after  settling  forty-eight  hours  were  care- 
fully measured.  From  these  dimensions  the  number  of  tons  of  silage 
was  estimated  from  a  table  on  the  capacity  of  silos.  Having  the  acres 


1905.]  CROPS  FOR  THE  SILO,  COST  OF  FILLING. 


639 


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BULLETIN    No.  101. 


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1905.] 


CROPS  FOR  THE  SILO,  COST  OF  FILLING. 


643 


644  BULLETIN    No.  101.  [April, 

cut,  total  cost  of  filling  and  tons  of  silage,  the  tons  per  acre  and  average 
cost  per  ton  of  putting  up  silage  were  computed. 

The  cost  of  filling  ranged  from  40  cents  to  76  cents  per  ton,  the 
average  for  the  total  number  of  tons  put  up  being  56  cents.  This  varia- 
tion was  caused  by  the  distance  the  corn  was  hauled,  and  the  ability 
of  some  farmers  to  arrange  the  work  more  systematically  and  push  it 
with  greater  energy  than  others. 

EFFECT  OF  CORN  SILAGE  ON  THE  FLAVOR  OF  MILK. 

Ever  since  silage  has  been  used  as  a  feed  for  dairy  cows,  there  has 
been  more  or  less  controversy  over  its  effect  upon  the  flavor  of  milk, 
the  objection  being  occasionally  raised  that  milk  from  silage-fed  cows 
had  an  unpleasant,  if  not  a  disagreeable,  flavor.  To  determine  what 
foundation,  if  any,  there  was  for  this  belief,  the  experiment  herein  de- 
scribed was  undertaken  and  conducted  in  the  following  manner: 

The  University  dairy  herd  was  divided  into  two  lots,  one  of  which 
was  fed  forty  pounds  of  corn  silage  per  cow  per  day,  which  is  the  maxi- 
mum amount  for  economical  feeding,  together  with  a  small  amount  of 
clover  hay  and  grain.  The  feed  for  the  other  lot  consisted  entirely  of 
clover  hay  and  grain. 

The  milk  from  both  lots  was  cared  for  in  exactly  the  same  manner, 
being  removed  from  the  barn  as  soon  as  drawn  and  taken  to  the  dairy 
building,  where  it  was  cooled.  After  standardizing  to  four  percent 
butter  fat,  that  there  might  be  no  difference  in  flavor  of  the  milk  from 
the  two  lots  on  account  of  a  variation  in  this  respect,  the  milk  was  put 
in  half-pint  bottles  and  sealed. 

In  each  case,  before  asking  for  a  comparison,  a  bottle  of  milk  from 
each  lot  of  cows  was  agitated  to  incorporate  the  cream  thoroughly, 
and  the  milk  in  each  bottle  was  poured  into  a  separate  glass.  Three 
questions  were  then  asked  the  person  whose  opinion  was  desired:  First, 
"Is  there  any  difference  in  the  two  samples?"  Second,  "Is  there  any- 
thing objectionable  about  either?"  Third,  "Which  do  you  prefer?" 
The  answers  are  summarized  in  Tables  3,  4,  5,  and  6.  In  every  case 
the  milk  was  known  by  number  only  and  those  whose  opinions  were 
obtained  were  not  told  concerning  the  manner  of  production,  that  their 
judgment  might  be  unbiased  by  any  prejudice  they  might  have  had 
as  to  the  use  of  silage  in  milk  production. 

The  people  whose  tastes  were  consulted  were  divided  into  three 
classes,  ladies,  men  of  the  faculty,  and  men  students.  In  the  first  case, 
as  reported  in  Table  3,  the  silage  had  been  fed  one  hour  before  milking. 
Of  the  29  ladies,  10  preferred  the  silage  milk,  14  the  non-silage,  and  5 
had  no  choice.  Of  the  men  of  the  faculty.  27  preferred  silage  milk, 
20  the  non-silage,  and  7  had  no  choice.  Of  the  students,  20  preferred 
silage  milk,  4  non-silage,  and  4  had  no  choice. 


1905.] 


CHOPS  FOK  THE  SILO,  COST  OF  FILLING. 


645 


A  preference  for  silage  milk  was  indicated  by  51  percent  of  the  111 
tests  made  when  silage  was  fed  one  hour  before  milking.  When  silage 
was  fed  at  time  of  milking,  71  percent  preferred  silage  milk,  and  when 
fed  after  milking,  51  percent  reported  the  same  preference. 

The  following  tables  give  the  time  of  feeding  silage,  class  of  people 
tasting  milk,  number  of  tests  made,  and  the  milk  preferred: 

TABLE  3. — SILAGE  FED  ONE  HOUR  BEFORE  MILKING. 


Number  of  people  tasting  milk. 

Kind  of  milk  preferred. 

Silage. 

Non- 
silage. 

No 
choice. 

Ladies  29  

10 
27 
20 

14 
20 

4 

5 

7 
4 

Men  of  the  faculty.  54 

Men  students  28  

Total  Ill  

57 

38 

16 

TABLE  4. — SILAGE  FED  AT  TIME  OF  MILKING. 


Number  of  people  tasting  milk. 

Silage. 

Non- 
silage. 

No 
choice. 

Ladies  30  

14 

16 

Men  of  the  faculty.   17                           

11 

4 

2 

Men  students  .121                                               .    . 

94 

25 

2 

Total  168  

119 

45 

4 

Kind  of  milk  preferred. 


TABLE  5. — SILAGE  FED  IMMEDIATELY  AFTER  MILKING. 


Kind  of  milk  preferred. 


Number 

ol  people  tasting  milk. 

Silage. 

Non- 
silage. 

No 
choice. 

Ladies  

22  

9 

7 

6 

Men  of  the  faculty. 

43  

21 

10 

12 

Men  students  

28  

17 

9 

2 

Total  

93 

47 

26 

20 

TABLE  6. — SUMMARY  OF  RESULTS. 


lotal  number  of  people  tasting  milk. 

Silage. 

Non- 
silage. 

No 
choice. 

Ladies  81  

33 

37 

11 

Men  of  the  faculty  .114 

59 

34 

21 

Men  students  1  77  

131 

38 

8 

Total    372  

223 

109 

40 

Kind  of  milk  preferred. 


646  BULLETIN    No.  101.  [April, 

The  summary  of  all  results  shows  that  of  the  372  tests  made,  223 
or  60  percent,  preferred  silage  milk;  40,  or  11  percent,  had  no  choice; 
and  109,  or  29  percent,  preferred  the  non-silage  milk.  The  people  who 
chose  the  non-silage  milk  were,  as  a  rule,  those  who  do  not  drink  milk, 
hence  their  opinion  is  not  so  important  as  is  that  of  the  people  who 
consume  milk  more  freely. 

Samples  of  silage  and  non-silage  milk  were  sent  to  five  milk  experts 
in  Chicago  and  other  cities,  accompanied  by  a  letter  asking  the  same 
three  questions.  One  of  these  experts  had  no  choice,  one  decided  in 
favor  of  the  non-silage,  and  three  preferred  the  silage  milk. 

It  will  be  noticed  from  the  tables  that  most  people  could  detect  a 
difference  in  the  flavor  of  the  two  samples  of  milk,  but  it  was  expressly 
stated  in  every  case  that  there  was  nothing  objectionable  about  the 
flavor  of  either  sample. 

To  determine  further  whether  the  public  generally  objects  to  silage 
milk,  twelve  half-pint  bottles  of  such  milk  were  delivered  at  the  best 
hotel  in  the  Twin  Cities  each  day  for  a  month,  making  360  samples  in 
all.  These  were  served  to  guests  who  drank  milk  and  no  complaint  or 
criticism  of  any  kind  was  made. 

For  the  past  nine  years  the  Department  of  Dairy  Husbandry  at  the 
University  has  delivered  from  100  to  150  quarts  of  milk  a  day  to  people 
in  the  two  cities.  During  this  time  the  cows  have  been  fed  an  average 
of  about  forty  pounds  of  silage  per  day,  except  when  on  pasture,  and 
no  complaints  of  a  bad  flavor  in  the  milk  have  been  received. 

Mr.  H.  B.  Curler  of  DeKalb,  who  is  one  of  the  most  progressive 
dairymen  of  the  state,  has  been  producing  certified  milk  for  the  past 
ten  years  and  selling  it  in  Chicago  at  12  cents  a  quart.  All  of  this  time 
Mr.  Gurler  has  been  feeding  silage  to  his  cows,  excepting  during  the 
season  of  the  year  when  pasture  was  abundant,  and  with  the  best  of 
results. 

This  is  strong  evidence  that  if  the  silage  is  of  good  quality  and  used 
in  reasonable  amounts,  in  connection  with  other  feed,  it  is  one  of  the 
best  feeds  obtainable  for  dairy  cows  when  pasture  is  not  available.  It 
must  be  remembered  that  in  all  of  this  work  nothing  but  good  silage 
was  fed  and  no  spoiled  silage  was  allowed  to  accumulate  in  or  around 
the  silo.  When  silage  imparts  a  bad  or  disagreeable  flavor  to  the  milk 
produced  from  it,  almost  invariably  the  cause  is  that  the  silage  has 
not  been  fed  properly,  or  that  spoiled  silage  has  been  used. 

It  should  not  be  understood  from  this  discussion  that  the  time  of 
day  a  food  is  fed  which  may  impart  a  bad  flavor  to  the  milk  is  of  no 
consequence.  All  feeds  of  this  nature  should  be  fed  after  milking  and 
not  before,  to  avoid  the  possibility  of  producing  an  unpleasant  flavor 
in  the  milk. 


1905.] 


AUTHOR  INDEX. 


647 


AUTHOR  INDEX. 


Crandall,  Charles  S.,  Curculio  and 
the  apple,  Bull.  98 466-560 

Dietrich,  William,  Market  classes 
and  grades  of  swine,  Bull.  97.418-463 

East,  Edward  M.,  Hopkins,  C.  G., 
and  Smith,  L.  H.,  Directions  for 
the  breeding  of  corn,  including 
methods  for  the  prevention  of 

in-breeding,  Bull.    100 600-625 

Structure  of  the  corn  kernel  and 
the  composition  of  its  different 
parts,  Bull.  87 77-112 

Forbes,  S.  A.,  More  important  in- 
sect injuries  to  Indian  corn,  Bull. 

95 330-399 

Notes  on  the  insecticide  use  of  the 
gasoline  blast  lamp,  Bull.  89. .  145-154 

Eraser,  Wilber  J.,  City  milk  supply, 

Bull.  92 252-272 

Crops  for  the  silo,  cost  of  filling, 
and  effect  of  silage  on  the  flavor 

of  milk,  Bull.  101 628-646 

Preventing  contamination  of  milk, 
Bull.  91 220-249 

Glover,  Arthur  J.,  Records  of  indi- 
vidual cows  on  dairy  farms, 
Bull.  85 1-44 

Hopkins,  Cyril  G.,  Nitrogen  bacteria 

and  legumes,  Bull.  94 306-328 

Soil  treatment  for  peaty  swamp 
lands,  including  sand  and  "al- 
kali soils,"  Bull.  93 274-303 


Soil  treatment  for  wheat  in  rota- 
tion with  special  reference  to 
Southern  Illinois  soils,  Bull.  88 

....113-143 

and  Readhimer,  J.  E.,  Soil  treat- 
ment for  the  lower  Illinois  gla- 

ciation,  Bull.  99 562-599 

Smith,  L.  H.,  and  East,  E.  M.,  Di- 
rections for  the  breeding  of  corn, 
including    methods    for    the    pre- 
vention of  in-breeding,  Bull.  100. 

r 600-625 

Structure  of  the  corn  kernel  and 
the  composition  of  the  different 
parts,  Bull.  87 77-112 

Hume,   Albert   N.,  Testing  of  corn 

for  seed,  Bull.  96 400-416 

Mosier,   J.    G.,   Climate    of    Illinois, 

Bull.  86 45-76 

Mumford,  Herbert  W.,  Fattening 
steers  of  the  various  market 
grades,  Bull.  90 156-217 

Readhimer,  J.  E.,  and  Hopkins,  C. 
G.,  Soil  treatment  for  the  lower 
Illinois  glaciation,  Bull.  99... 561-599 

Smith,  Louie  H.,  Hopkins  C.  G.,  and 
East,  E.  M.,  Directions  for  the 
breeding  of  corn,  including 
methods  for  the  prevention  of 

in-breeding,  Bull,  too 600-25 

Structure  of  the  corn  kernel  and 
the  composition  of  its  different 
parts,  Bull.  87 77-112 


1905.' 


INDEX. 


649 


INDEX. 


The  headings  in  capitals  are  the  subjects  of  entire  bulletins. 


Acari 344 

Acrididae 394-97 

Agrotis  herilis,  see  Feltia  jaculifera. 

saucia,  see  Peridroma  margaritosa 
saucia. 

tricosa,  see  Feltia  jaculifera. 

ypsilon 351-53 

Aleurone  layer,  see  corn  kernel. 

Alfalfa 129 

see  also  soil  treatment  for  wheat. 

Alfalfa  bacteria 129,  296,  322-27 

"Alkali"  soils,  treatment  for 301-02 

Altitude  of  Illinois 45 

Anaphora   popeanella 374 

Anthonomus    quadrigibbus 514-28 

Anticyclones 46,  7 

Ants  and  Indian  corn 338,  39 

destroying  cttrculio 489 

Aphis,  leaf 342 

root 339-44 

woolly,  and  gasoline  blast  lamp. ..   152 

Apple-curculio 514-28 

Arctian     caterpillars     and     gasoline 

blast  lamp 152 

Army-worm 377-Si 

Arsenical  poisons,  for  curculio. .  ..532,  53 
See  also  Cridclle  mixture. 

Babcock  milk  test 6,  7,  _66 

Bacon  hogs 442-48 

Bacteria,  see  milk  contamination,  ni- 
trogen bacteria. 
Barns,  see  dairy  barns. 
Beetles,  see  corn,  insects  injurious  to. 

Bill-bugs 382-87 

Birds  destroy  curculio 553 

Blissus  leucopterus 387-94 

Blood,  dried,  see  soil  treatment. 
Boll-weevil,  see  cotton  boll-weevil. 
Bone    meal,     see    phosphorus,     soil 

treatment. 
Bottling  room,  University  of  Illinois 

.236-38 

Bracket,    G.    C.,    Experiments    with 

London  purple.  .' 532 


Breeding,  see  corn  breeding. 

Burrowing  web-worms 374 

Bugs 342 

See  also  corn,  insects  injurious  to. 

Butcher  hogs 425-31 

Butter    fat,    amount,    calculation    of 

average  prices 5-18 

Cabbage   worms   and  gasoline  blast 

lamp 152 

Carbohydrates,    see    corn,   milk,    ra- 
tions, swine. 

Caterpillars 340-41 

Chinch-bug 387-94 

Cholera,  hog 460 

CLIMATE  OF  ILLINOIS 45-76 

Close  pollination   see  corn  breeding. 

Cloudiness  of  Illinois 69,  70 

Clover,  red,  bacteria 3H-I5 

sweet,  bacteria 322-27 

Coleoptera 34^,2 

Conotrachelus  nenuphar 469-513 

Corn  breeding 600-25 

feeding,  excessive n 

germ,  see  corn  kernel. 

insects  injurious  to, 33°-99 

references 399 

CORN    KERNEL,    STRUCTURE 
AND      COMPOSITION      OF 

PARTS 77-112 

root-worm 334 

SEED    BREEDING 600-25 

selection 77.92-95 

TESTS  FOR 400-16 

Cotton  boll-weevil  and  gasoline  blast 

lamp 150-51 

Co\v-pea  bacteria 315-19 

Cow-peas  for  silage 632 

See  also  soil  treatment. 
COWS,  RECORDS  OF  INDIVID- 
UAL ON  DAIRY  FARMS. ..  .1-44 

silage  as  feed  for 629-30,  644-46 

See  also  Dairy  barns,  milk. 

Crambus 366-74 

Crickets 343 

Cridclle  mixture 395 


050 


INDEX. 


[April, 


Crop  rotation 597-99 

See  also  soil  treatment. 
Cross-pollination,  see  corn  breeding. 
Crown  starch,  see  corn  kernel. 
CURCULIO  AND  THE  APPLE. . 

465-560,  index,  558-60 

Curculio,  apple 514-528 

plum 469-513 

Cutler  soil  experiment  field 

119-21,  587-91 

Cutworms 347-66 

Cyclones 45-47 

Dairy  barns. 255-259 

bacterial  condition  of  air  in.... 229-36 

See  also  cows,  milk. 

utensils,  care  of. 262 

Detasseling  corn 601-18 

Diptera 339-4° 

Dragon-flies 344 

Du  Bois  soil  experiment  field 584-86 

Ear- worm 397,  98 

Edgewood  soil  experiment  field. .  .564-74 
Euxoa  mcssoria 362, 63 

ochrogaster 364,65 

tessellata 364 

Fall  web-worms  and  gasoline  blast 

lamp 152 

Fattening,  see  steers,  swine. 

Feeders,    (steers) 157-217 

(swine) 457 

Feeds,  cost  of 181-83 

efficiency  of J70-74 

See  also  rations. 
Feltia  annexa : .  362 

gladiaria 358-59 

jaculifera 356 

subgothica 356 

Fertilizers,  see  soil  treatment. 

Fertilizers,  mixed 136-40 

Flies 339-40 

Forbes,  S.  A.,  Experiments  with  the 

curculio 497 

Forbes  scale  and  gasoline  lamp 152 

Frost  in  Illinois 66 

GASOLINE    BLAST    LAMP    AS 

INSECTICIDE 145-54 

Geneva  tester 408-11 

Germinating  room 404-08 

Gillette,  C.  P.,  Recorder  of  process 

of  oviposition  of  apple  curculio.  516 

Gortyna  nit  da 374-77 

Governments 458-60 

Grain  and  roughage,  average  prices 

16, 18 

Grasshoppers 343.  44.  394-97 


Green  Valley  soil  experiment  field. . 

294-96 

Hadena  arctica 351 

devastatrix 347~50 

lignicolor 361 

Harlequin  cabb'age-bug  and  gasoline 

blast  lamp 150 

Heifers,  selection  of 7 

Heliophila,  unipuncta 377-8i 

Heliothis  armiger 397,  98 

Hemiptera 342 

Highs 45-47 

Hogs,  see  swine. 

Hominy  mill  products 108-10 

Horny  gluten,  see  corn  kernel, 
starch,  see  corn  kernel. 

Hydroecia  nitela 374-77 

Hymenoptera 338,  39 

Hypoclopus  mortipennellus 374 

ILLINOIS,  LOWER  GLACIA- 
TION,  SOIL  TREATMENT 

FOR 562-99 

See  also  Southern  Illinois. 

In-breeding  of  corn  prevented 617 

Indian  corn,  see  corn. 
Indiana  experiment  station,  soil  ex- 
periments   290 

Insects,  see  aphis,  woolly ;  corn  in- 
sects injurious  to  curculio;  gas- 
oline blast  lamp. 

Inspection,  need  of  dairy 272 

Jo  Daviess  county,  altitude 45 

Kainit 288-89 

Kennicott,  J.  A.,  on  the  curculio.  ...  471 

Kenrick,  on  the  curculio 470 

Kerosene  emulsion 394 

Lard  hog 421-23 

Leaf-aphis 342 

LeBaron  on  the  curculio 515 

Legumes  for  silage 632 

See  also  crop  rotation,  soil  treat- 
ment. 

Lepidoptera 340, 41 

Leucania  unipuncta 377-8i 

Lice,  plant 337,38 

Lime,  see  soil  treatment. 

Lintner  on  the  curculio 496 

Locusts 343 

London  purple 532 

Lows 45-47 

Magnesium  carbonate 301 

Mamestra  renigera 365,  66 

Manito  soil  experiment  field 288-90 

Manure,  see  soil  treatment. 

Mascoutah  soil  experiment  field..  122-25 

Melanoplus,  different  species 397 


1906.} 


INDEX. 


651 


Meteorological  summary  for  the 
University  of  Illinois  Agricul- 
tural experiment  station,  1889- 

1902 72-76 

Mexican  boll-weevil,  see  cotton  boll- 
weevil. 
Mildew  and  the  gasoline  blast  lamp.   153 

Milk,  care  of 259,  262 

certified , 270 

composition    under    different    ra- 
tions  n-44 

.  CONTAMINATION  OF  supply. 

221-49 

effect  of  silage  on  flavor 644-6 

record,  sample 3 

SUPPLY  CITY 253-72 

tests 2-9 

See  also  Babock  milk  test, 
variation  in  flow,  and  percent  of 

fat 7-9 

Mites 344 

Momence  soil  experiment  field...  .282-87 

Multiplying  plot 621 

Myriapoda 344 

Nitrogen,  see  soil  treatment. 
NITROGEN     BACTERIA     AND 

LEGUMES 306-328 

See  also  soil  treatment. 

Nephe^lodes  minians 359-6 1 

Neuroptcra 344 

Noctua  clandestina 361-62 

c-nigrum 355-56 

Odin  soil  experiment  field. .  1 17-19,    575-83 
Oil  in  corn,  see  corn  kernel. 
Orchards,  cultivation  of,  as  protec- 
tion against  insects 553-55 

spraying 532-53 

Orthoptera 343,  44 

Ozark  ridge »    ..-45,     62 

Papaipema  iiitcla 374-77 

Parasites 310 

Paris  green,  see  arsenical  poisons, 
criddle  mixture. 

PEATY  SWAMP  SOILS 274-303 

Pedigree  register  of  corn 621,22 

Pcridroma  margaritosa  saucia 353-5 

Penholders 460 

Petri  dishes  used  in  milk  experi- 
ments   224 

Phosphorus,  for  Southern  Illinois.  .   596 
See  also  soil  treatment. 

Pigs.... 452,53 

following  steers. 176 

roasting 457 

See  also  swine. 


Plant  food 291 

circulation  of 593,94 

See  also  soil  treatment. 

Plum  curculio 469-513 

Plant-lice 337,  38 

Pollination  of  corn,  see  corn  breeding. 
Potassium 297-301 

See  also  soil  treatment. 
Prices,  average,  for  butter  fat 18 

grain  and  roughage 16, 18 

Profits,  dairy 9-44 

from  fattening  steers 181-98 

Protein ........  422 

See  also  corn,  milk,  rations,  swine. 

Pseudanaphora    arcanella 374 

Quaintance,  A.  L.,  on  the  curculio. .  505 
Rations  for  dairy  cows n-39 

for  steers 167 

Rainfall  of  Illinois 61, 62 

Red  clover  bacteria 311-15 

Riley,  C.  V.,  on  the  curculio..48o,  492,  515 
Root-aphis 339-43 

web- worm 366-74 

Rotation  of  crops,  see  crop  rotation. 
San    Jose    scale    and   gasoline    blast 

lamp 147-150 

Sandy  swamp  soil,  treatment  for...  .  294 

Say,  on  the  curculio 514 

Schistocerca  americana 399 

San  Jose  scale  and  the  gasoline  blast 

lamp 147-50 

Scurfy  scales  and  the  gasoline  blast 

lamp 152 

Seed  corn,  see  corn,  seed. 
Self-pollination,  see  corn  breeding. 

Separator,    centrifugal 263,  266 

Shipping  steers 1 77-79 

SILO,  CROPS  FOR,  COST  OF 
FILLING  AND  EFFECT  OF 
SILAGE  ON  THE  FLAVOR 

OF  MILK 628-46 

Smith,  Professor  Frank,  Tables  of 
analyses  of  individual  ears  of 

corn 98-101 

Smith,  R.  L,  on  the  curculio 504,  5 

Snout-beetles 382-87 

Sod  web-worm 366-74 

Soil  survey 302,  03 

SOIL  TREATMENT  FOR 
LOWER  ILLINOIS  GLACIA- 
TION 562-99 

FOR  PEATY  SWAMP  SOILS.. 

274-303 

FOR  WHEAT 1 13-43 


052 


INDEX. 


[April, 


Southern  Illinois,  soil  treatment.... 

H3-43,  562-99 

Soiling,  silage  in  place  of 630 

Soy  bean  bacteria 319-22 

Soy  beans,  see  also  soil  treatment. 

Sphagnum  moss 276 

Sphenophorus,  different  species..  ..382-87 

Spraying  orchards 523~53 

Stalk-borer 374-77 

Stags 454 

Starch,  white,  see  corn  kernel. 
STEERS,  FATTENING  OF...  157-217 

shipping 177-79 

Straw  as  fertilizer 143,  290 

Sunshine  in  Illinois 69-70 

Sweet  clover  bacteria 322-27 

SWINE,      MARKET      CLASSES 
AND  GRADES  OF 418-63 

See  also  pigs. 

plague 459,460 

Symbiosis 310 

Tampico  soil  experiment  field 277-82 


Temperature  of  Illinois 63-66 

Tip  cap  of  corn,  see  corn  kernel. 

Tile  drainage 565,  570,  575 

See  also  soil  treatment  articles. 
Tip  starch,  see  corn  kernel. 

Trichinae 460 

Tuberculosis  in  swine 459,  60 

Udders,  washing  of 237-249-259 

Vienna  soil  experiment  field 116,  17 

Walsh,  B.  D.,  on  the  curculio 

514,471,72 

Web-worms 366-74 

Webster,  F.  M.,  on  the  curculio 512 

Weed,  C.  M.,  Experiment  with  Lon- 
don purple 532 

Wheat,  soil  treatment  for 113-43 

Whitewash  as  a  disinfectant 258,  59 

Winds  in  Illinois 67,  68 

Windfalls,  destruction  of 544,  556 

Wisconsin    experiment    station,    soil 

experiments 290 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 


